There have been several attempts to produce "a universally acceptable definition of law". Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice.
Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology. This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions. Private law deals with legal disputes between individuals and/or organisations in areas such as contracts, property, torts/ delicts and commercial law. Public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. Law's scope can be divided into two domains. Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia. Historically, religious law influenced secular matters, and is still used in some religious communities.
In common law systems, judges make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law.
Legal systems vary between countries, with their differences analysed in comparative law. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes by the executive through decrees and regulations or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law jurisdictions. It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice. Law is a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. Iustitia (" Lady Justice") is a symbolic personification of the coercive power of a tribunal: a sword representing state authority, scales representing an objective standard and a blindfold indicating that justice should be impartial.
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